Diaminothiazoles useful as Axl inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Diaminothiazoles and pharmaceutical compositions containing them are disclosed as being useful in inhibiting the activity of the receptor protein tyrosine kinase Axl. Methods of using the diaminothiazoles in treating diseases or conditions associated with Axl activity are also disclosed.

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/963,157 filed Dec. 21, 2007 (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,879,856), which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/876,963 filed Dec. 22, 2006; these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to diaminothiazoles and pharmaceutical compositions thereof which are useful as inhibitors of the receptor protein tyrosine kinase known as Axl. This invention is also directed to methods of using the compounds and compositions in treating diseases and conditions associated with Axl activity, particularly in treating diseases and conditions associated with angiogenesis and/or cell proliferation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

All of the protein kinases that have been identified to date in the human genome share a highly conserved catalytic domain of around 300 aa. This domain folds into a bi-lobed structure in which reside ATP-binding and catalytic sites. The complexity of protein kinase regulation allows many potential mechanisms of inhibition including competition with activating ligands, modulation of positive and negative regulators, interference with protein dimerization, and allosteric or competitive inhibition at the substrate or ATP binding sites.

Axl (also known as UFO, ARK, and Tyro7; nucleotide accession numbers NM_(—)021913 and NM_(—)001699; protein accession numbers NP_(—)068713 and NP_(—)001690) is a receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK) that comprises a C-terminal extracellular ligand-binding domain and N-terminal cytoplasmic region containing the catalytic domain. The extracellular domain of Axl has a unique structure that juxtaposes immunoglobulin and fibronectin Type III repeats and is reminiscent of the structure of neural cell adhesion molecules. Axl and its two close relatives, Mer/Nyk and Sky (Tyro3/Rse/Dtk), collectively known as the Tyro3 family of RTK's, all bind and are stimulated to varying degrees by the same ligand, Gas6 (growth arrest specific-6), a ˜76 kDa secreted protein with significant homology to the coagulation cascade regulator, Protein S. In addition to binding to ligands, the Axl extracellular domain has been shown to undergo homophilic interactions that mediate cell aggregation, suggesting that one important function of Axl may be to mediate cell-cell adhesion.

Axl is predominantly expressed in the vasculature in both endothelial cells (EC's) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC's) and in cells of the myeloid lineage and is also detected in breast epithelial cells, chondrocytes, Sertoli cells and neurons. Several functions including protection from apoptosis induced by serum starvation, TNF-α or the viral protein EIA, as well as migration and cell differentiation have been ascribed to Axl signaling in cell culture. However, Axl−/− mice exhibit no overt developmental phenotype and the physiological function of Axl in vivo is not clearly established in the literature.

Angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) is limited to functions such as wound healing and the female reproductive cycle in healthy adults. This physiological process has been co-opted by tumors, thus securing an adequate blood supply that feeds tumor growth and facilitates metastasis. Deregulated angiogenesis also a feature of many other diseases (for example, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis and blindness due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity and diabetes) and often contributes to the progression or pathology of the condition.

The overexpression of Axl and/or its ligand has also been reported in a wide variety of solid tumor types including, but not limited to, breast, renal, endometrial, ovarian, thyroid, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and uveal melanoma as well as in myeloid leukemia's. Furthermore, it possesses transforming activity in NIH3T3 and 32D cells. It has been demonstrated that loss of Axl expression in tumor cells blocks the growth of solid human neoplasms in an in vivo MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma xenograft model. Taken together, these data suggest Axl signaling can independently regulate EC angiogenesis and tumor growth and thus represents a novel target class for tumor therapeutic development.

The expression of Axl and Gas6 proteins is upregulated in a variety of other disease states including endometriosis, vascular injury and kidney disease and Axl signaling is functionally implicated in the latter two indications. Axl—Gas6 signaling amplifies platelet responses and is implicated in thrombus formation. Axl may thus potentially represent a therapeutic target for a number of diverse pathological conditions including solid tumors, including, but not limited to, breast, renal, endometrial, ovarian, thyroid, non-small cell lung carcinoma and uveal melanoma; liquid tumors, including but not limited to, leukemias (particularly myeloid leukemias) and lymphomas; endometriosis, vascular disease/injury (including but not limited to restenosis, atherosclerosis and thrombosis), psoriasis; visual impairment due to macular degeneration; diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity; kidney disease (including but not limited to glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy and renal transplant rejection), rheumatoid arthritis; osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and cataracts.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to certain diaminothiazoles which are useful as Axl inhibitors, methods of using such derivatives in treating diseases and conditions associated with Axl activity and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such derivatives.

Accordingly, in one aspect this invention is directed to compounds of formula (I):

wherein:

-   R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,     —C(O)R¹⁰, or —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷; -   R² is aryl or heteroaryl, the aryl or heteroaryl being optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally     substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl,     optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)_(t)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹     (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2),     —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷     (where t is 1 or 2); -   R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl     being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected     from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group     consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl,     haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl,     optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl,     optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂,     —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl,     haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted     aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted     aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a     direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene     chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene     chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene     chain; -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and -   each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; -   with the proviso that the compound is not     N²-(1,4-benzodioxan-6yl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine, and     when R² is phenyl, 4-chiorophenyl or methoxy-substituted phenyl, R³     is not quinolin-2yl, pyridinyl or substituted pyridinyl,     as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, this invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), as described above, as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, this invention is directed to methods of treating a disease or condition associated with Axl activity in a mammal, wherein the methods comprise administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), as described above, as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of formula (I), as described above, as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, this invention provides assays to determine a compound of the invention effectiveness in inhibiting Axl activity in a cell-based assay.

In another aspect, the scope of the invention is not meant to include any compounds disclosed or claimed in WO2000/075120 or in WO2001/56567.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

As used in the specification and appended claims, unless specified to the contrary, the following terms have the meaning indicated:

“Amino” refers to the —NH₂ radical.

“Cyano” refers to the —CN radical.

“Nitro” refers to the —NO₂ radical.

“Oxa” refers to the —O— radical.

“Oxo” refers to the ═O radical.

“Thioxo” refers to the ═S radical.

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to twelve carbon atoms, preferably one to eight carbon atoms or one to six carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR¹⁴, —OC(O)—R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)², —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)S(O)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl (optionally substituted with one or more halo groups), aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocylylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one double bond, having from two to twelve carbon atoms, preferably one to eight carbon atoms and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkenyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR¹⁴, —OC(O)—R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)—R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl (optionally substituted with one or more halo groups), aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocylylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one triple bond, optionally containing at least one double bond, having from two to twelve carbon atoms, preferably one to eight carbon atoms and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR¹⁴, —OC(O)—R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)₂—C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)R¹⁴) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl (optionally substituted with one or more halo groups), aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocylylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing no unsaturation and having from one to twelve carbon atoms, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, and the like. The alkylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a single bond and to the radical group through a single bond. The points of attachment of the alkylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group can be through one carbon in the alkylene chain or through any two carbons within the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylene chain may be optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR¹⁴, —OC(O)—R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl (optionally substituted with one or more halo groups), aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocylylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Alkenylene” or “alkenylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing at least one double bond and having from two to twelve carbon atoms, for example, ethenylene, propenylene, n-butenylene, and the like. The alkenylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a double bond or a single bond and to the radical group through a double bond or a single bond. The points of attachment of the alkenylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group can be through one carbon or any two carbons within the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkenylene chain may be optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: halo, cyano, nitro, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR¹⁴, —OC(O)—R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl (optionally substituted with one or more halo groups), aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocylylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Alkynylene” or “alkynylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group, consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing at least one triple bond and having from two to twelve carbon atoms, for example, propynylene, n-butynylene, and the like. The alkynylene chain is attached to the rest of the molecule through a single bond and to the radical group through a double bond or a single bond. The points of attachment of the alkynylene chain to the rest of the molecule and to the radical group can be through one carbon or any two carbons within the chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynylene chain may be optionally substituted by one or more of the following substituents: alkyl, alkenyl, halo, haloalkenyl, cyano, nitro, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR¹⁴, —OC(O)—R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2) where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl (optionally substituted with one or more halo groups), aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocylylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined above containing one to twelve carbon atoms. The alkyl part of the alkoxy radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkyl radical.

“Alkoxyalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—O—R_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined above and R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above. The oxygen atom may be bonded to any carbon in the alkyl radical or the alkylene chain. The alkyl part of the alkoxyalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkyl group and the alkylene chain part of the alkoxyalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkylene chain.

“Aryl” refers to aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system consisting only of hydrogen and carbon and containing from six to eighteen carbon atoms, where the ring system may be partially or fully saturated. Aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as fluorenyl, phenyl and naphthyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹⁵—OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—OC(O)—R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—O—R¹⁶—C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each R¹⁵ is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and R¹⁶ is a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Aralkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)—R_(c) where R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_(e) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl and the like. The alkylene chain part of the aralkyl radical may be optionally substituted as described above for an alkylene chain. The aryl part of the aralkyl radical may be optionally substituted as described above for an aryl group.

“Aralkenyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(d)—R_(c) where R_(d) is an alkenylene chain as defined above and R_(e) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above. The aryl part of the aralkenyl radical may be optionally substituted as described above for an aryl group. The alkenylene chain part of the aralkenyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkenylene group.

“Aralkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(e)R_(c) where R_(e) is an alkynylene chain as defined above and R_(c) is one or more aryl radicals as defined above. The aryl part of the aralkynyl radical may be optionally substituted as described above for an aryl group. The alkynylene chain part of the aralkynyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkynylene chain.

“Aryloxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(c) where R_(c) is an aryl group as defined above. The aryl part of the aryloxy radical may be optionally substituted as defined above.

“Aralkyloxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(f) where R_(f) is an aralkyl group as defined above. The aralkyl part of the aralkyloxy radical may be optionally substituted as defined above.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a stable non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which may include fused or bridged ring systems, having from three to fifteen carbon atoms, preferably having from three to ten carbon atoms, and which is saturated or unsaturated and attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Monocyclic radicals include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptly, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic radicals, include, for example, adamantyl, norbornanyl (i.e., bicyclo[2,2,1]heptanyl), norbornenyl, decalinyl, 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, the term “cycloalkyl” is meant to include cycloalkyl radicals which are optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹⁵—OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—OC(O)—R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and each R¹⁵ is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)R_(g) where R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_(g) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. The alkylene chain and the cycloalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above.

“Cycloalkylalkenyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(d)R_(g) where R_(d) is an alkenylene chain as defined above and R_(g) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. The alkenylene chain and the cycloalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above.

“Cycloalkylalkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(e)R_(g) where R_(e) is an alkynylene radical as defined above and R_(g) is a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. The alkynylene chain and the cycloalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above.

“Halo” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, for example, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1-bromomethyl-2-bromoethyl, and the like. The alkyl part of the haloalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkyl group.

“Haloalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above. The alkenyl part of the haloalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkenyl group.

“Haloalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above. The alkynyl part of the haloalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkynyl group.

“Heterocyclyl” refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ring radical that comprises one to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical may be partially or fully saturated. The heterocyclyl may be attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom on the ring(s). Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “heterocyclyl” is meant to include heterocyclyl radicals as defined above which are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹⁵—O—R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—OC(O)—R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—N)(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and each R¹⁵ is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain, and where each of the above substituents is unsubstituted unless otherwise indicated.

“N-heterocyclyl” refers to a heterocyclyl radical as defined above containing at least one nitrogen and where the point of attachment of the heterocyclyl radical to the rest of the molecule is through a nitrogen atom in the heterocyclyl radical. An N-heterocyclyl radical may be optionally substituted as described above for heterocyclyl radicals. Examples of such N-heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, and imidazolidinyl.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)R_(h) where R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_(h) is a heterocyclyl radical as defined above, and if the heterocyclyl is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl, the heterocyclyl may be attached to the alkyl radical at the nitrogen atom. The alkylene chain of the heterocyclylalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkyene chain. The heterocyclyl part of the heterocyclylalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for a heterocyclyl group.

“Heterocyclylalkenyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(d)R_(h) where R_(d) is an alkenylene chain as defined above and R_(h) is a heterocyclyl radical as defined above, and if the heterocyclyl is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl, the heterocyclyl may be attached to the alkenylene chain at the nitrogen atom. The alkenylene chain of the heterocyclylalkenyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkenylene chain. The heterocyclyl part of the heterocyclylalkenyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for a heterocyclyl group.

“Heterocyclylalkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(e)R_(h) where R_(e) is an alkynylene chain as defined above and R_(h) is a heterocyclyl radical as defined above, and if the heterocyclyl is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl, the heterocyclyl may be attached to the alkynyl radical at the nitrogen atom. The alkynylene chain part of the heterocyclylalkynyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkynylene chain. The heterocyclyl part of the heterocyclylalkynyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for a heterocyclyl group.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a 3- to 18-membered partially or fully aromatic ring radical that comprises one to seventeen carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. For purposes of this invention, the heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. The heteroaryl may be attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom on the ring(s). Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][1,4]oxazinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, cyclopenta[d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyridazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, furo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridazinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridinyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, 5,8-methano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, 1,6-naphthyridinonyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrirnidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,5-c]pyridazinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pridinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e. thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “heteroaryl” is meant to include heteroaryl radicals as defined above which are optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹⁵—OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—OC(O)—R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)S(O)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and each R¹⁵ is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain.

“Polycyclic heteroaryl” is a subset of heteroaryl and refers to a heteroaryl including two, three or four fused or bridged rings, at least one of which is fully aromatic. Typically, bicyclic heteroaryls can be 9- to 12-membered rings, more typically, 9- to 10-membered rings. Tricylic heteroaryls can be 12- to 18-membered rings. Tetracyclic heteroaryl can be 15- or 18-membered rings. A preferred polycyclic heteroaryl is a phenyl ring fused with another ring containing at least one heteroatom (i.e., a heteroaryl). Another preferred polycyclic heteroaryl is a pyrimidinyl ring fused with a second ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl, as defined herein. Specific examples of polycyclic heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][1,4]oxazinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, cyclopenta[d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyridazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridazinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridinyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, 5,8-methano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, 1,6-naphthyridinonyl, 5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,5-c]pyridazinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, and thieno[2,3-c]pridinyl. Optionally, each ring of the polycyclic heteroaryl may be further substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, oxo, thioxo, cyano, nitro, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹⁵—OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—OC(O)—R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —R¹⁵—N(R¹⁴)S(O)_(t)R¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)OR¹⁴ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁵—S(O)_(p)R¹⁴ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁵—S(O)_(t)N(R¹⁴)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), where each R¹⁴ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, and each R¹⁵ is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene or alkenylene chain.

“N-heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl radical as defined above containing at least one nitrogen and where the point of attachment of the heteroaryl radical to the rest of the molecule is through a nitrogen atom in the heteroaryl radical. An N-heteroaryl radical may be optionally substituted as described above for heteroaryl radicals.

“Heteroarylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(b)R_(i) where R_(b) is an alkylene chain as defined above and R_(i) is a heteroaryl radical as defined above. The heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for a heteroaryl group. The alkylene chain part of the heteroarylalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkylene chain.

“Heteroarylalkenyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(d)R_(i) where R_(d) is an alkenylene chain as defined above and R_(i) is a heteroaryl radical as defined above. The heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkenyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for a heteroaryl group. The alkenylene chain part of the heteroarylalkenyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkenylene chain.

“Heteroarylalkynyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(e)R_(i) where R_(e) is an alkynylene chain as defined above and R_(i) is a heteroaryl radical as defined above. The heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkynyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for a heteroaryl group. The alkynylene chain part of the heteroarylalkynyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkynylene chain.

“Hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical as defined above which is substituted by one or more hydroxy groups (—OH).

“Hydroxyalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl radical as defined above which is substituted by one or more hydroxy groups (—OH).

“Hydroxyalkenyl” refers to an alkynyl radical as defined above which is substituted by one or more hydroxy groups (—OH).

Certain chemical groups named herein may be preceded by a shorthand notation indicating the total number of carbon atoms that are to be found in the indicated chemical group. For example; C₇-C₁₂alkyl describes an alkyl group, as defined below, having a total of 7 to 12 carbon atoms, and C₄-C₁₂cycloalkylalkyl describes a cycloalkylalkyl group, as defined below, having a total of 4 to 12 carbon atoms. The total number of carbons in the shorthand notation does not include carbons that may exist in substituents of the group described.

“Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.

“Mammal” includes humans and domestic animals, such as cats, dogs, swine, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits, and the like. Preferably, for purposes of this invention, the mammal is a human.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted aryl” means that the aryl radical may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted aryl radicals and aryl radicals having no substitution. When a functional group is described as “optionally substituted,” and in turn, substitutents on the functional group are also “optionally substituted” and so on, for the purposes of this invention, such iterations are limited to five.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, mucic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, propionic acid, pyroglutamic acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, undecylenic acid, and the like.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly preferred organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine.

A “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation of a compound of the invention and a medium generally accepted in the art for the delivery of the biologically active compound to mammals, for example, humans. Such a medium includes all pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients therefor.

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a compound of the invention which, when administered to a mammal, preferably a human, is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, of a disease or condition of interest in the mammal, preferably a human. The amount of a compound of the invention which constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease or condition and its severity, and the age of the mammal to be treated, but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure.

“Treating” or “treatment” as used herein covers the treatment of the disease or condition of interest in a mammal, preferably a human, having the disease or condition of interest, and includes:

-   -   (i) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a         mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the         condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it;     -   (ii) inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e., arresting its         development;     -   (iii) relieving the disease or condition, i.e., causing         regression of the disease or condition; or     -   (iv) stabilizing the disease or condition.

As used herein, the terms “disease” and “condition” may be used interchangeably or may be different in that the particular malady or condition may not have a known causative agent (so that etiology has not yet been worked out) and it is therefore not yet recognized as a disease but only as an undesirable condition or syndrome, wherein a more or less specific set of symptoms have been identified by clinicians.

The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may contain one or more asymmetric centres and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)- or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optically active (+) and (−), (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and (L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, such as HPLC using a chiral column. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centres of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

A “stereoisomer” refers to a compound made up of the same atoms bonded by the same bonds but having different three-dimensional structures, which are not interchangeable. The present invention contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and includes “enantiomers”, which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperimposeable mirror images of one another.

A “tautomer” refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule. The present invention includes tautomers of any said compounds.

“Atropisomers” are stereoisomers resulting from hindered rotation about single bonds where the barrier to rotation is high enough to allow for the isolation of the conformers (Eliel, E. L.; Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds; Wiley & Sons: New York, 1994; Chapter 14). Atropisomerism is significant because it introduces an element of chirality in the absence of stereogenic atoms. The invention is meant to encompass atropisomers, for example in cases of limited rotation around the single bonds emanating from the core thiazole structure, atropisomers are also possible and are also specifically included in the compounds and/or prodrugs of the invention.

The chemical naming protocol and structure diagrams used herein are a modified form of the I.U.P.A.C. nomenclature system wherein the compounds of the invention are named herein as derivatives of the central core structure, i.e., the thiazole structure. For complex chemical names employed herein, a substituent group is named before the group to which it attaches. For example, cyclopropylethyl comprises an ethyl backbone with cyclopropyl substituent. In chemical structure diagrams, all bonds are identified, except for some carbon atoms, which are assumed to be bonded to sufficient hydrogen atoms to complete the valency.

The numbering system of the ring atoms in diaminothiazole compounds of formula (I) is shown below:

For example, a compound of formula (I) wherein R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, R² is 4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl, and R³ is (6,7-dimethoxy)quinazolin-4-yl; i.e., a compound of the following formula:

is named herein as 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Of the various aspects of the invention, as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention, one aspect is the compounds of formula (I), as isolated stereoisomers or mixtures thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Of this aspect, certain embodiments are preferred.

Accordingly, one embodiment is a compound of formula (I) wherein:

-   R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, -   R² is aryl or heteroaryl, the aryl or heteroaryl being optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally     substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl,     optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—OR¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2),     —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl     being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected     from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—OR¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group     consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl,     haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl,     optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl,     optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂,     —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl,     haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted     aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted     aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a     direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene     chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene     chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene     chain; -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and -   each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹.

Of this embodiment, one embodiment is a compound of formula (I) wherein:

-   R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, -   R² is aryl optionally substituted with one or more substituents     selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl,     alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—O—C(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R³, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁶, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl     being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected     from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R³ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR³, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); and -   each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group     consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl,     haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl,     optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl,     optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂,     —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl,     haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted     aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted     aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a     direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene     chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene     chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene     chain; -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and -   each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; -   as isolated stereoisomers or mixtures thereof, as tautomers or     mixtures thereof, or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates,     solvates, N-oxides or prodrugs thereof.

Of this embodiment, one embodiment is a compound of formula (I) wherein:

-   R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, -   R² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents     selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl,     alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁶     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   R³ is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl,     pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl,     pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,     thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl,     isoquinolinyl and benzo[d]thiazolyl, the heteroaryl being optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of alkyl and —R¹⁰—OR⁹. -   each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group     consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl,     haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl,     optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl,     optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂,     —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁶ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl,     haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted     aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted     aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a     direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene     chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene     chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene     chain; -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and -   each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; -   as isolated stereoisomers or mixtures thereof, as tautomers or     mixtures thereof, or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates,     solvates, N-oxides or prodrugs thereof.

Of this embodiment, one embodiment is a compound of formula (I) wherein:

-   R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, -   R² is phenyl substituted with one or more —OR⁹; and -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl     and optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl.

Of this embodiment, specific embodiments are compounds of formula (I) selected from the group consisting of:

-   N²-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(quinoxalin-2-yl)-N²-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinoxalin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(quinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine;     and -   N²-(3-chloro-4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.

Another embodiment of the compounds of formula (I), as set forth above, is a compound of formula (I) wherein:

-   R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; -   R² is phenyl substituted with one or more optionally substituted     heterocyclyl; and -   R³ is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl,     pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl,     pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,     thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl,     isoquinolinyl and benzo[d]thiazolyl, the heteroaryl being optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of alkyl and —OR⁹; and -   each R⁹ is independently alkyl.

Of this embodiment, one embodiment is a compound of formula (I) wherein:

-   R² is phenyl substituted with one or more N-heterocyclyl optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and —C(O)R⁹; and -   each R⁹ is independently alkyl.

Of this embodiment, specific embodiments are compounds of formula (I) selected from the group consisting of:

-   5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine;     and -   N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.

Another embodiment of the compounds of formula (I), as set forth above, is a compound of formula (I) wherein:

-   R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; -   R² is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from     the group consisting of optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl,     halo, —OR⁹ and —C(O)R⁹; and -   R³ is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl,     pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl,     pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl,     thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl,     isoquinolinyl and benzo[d]thiazolyl, the heteroaryl being optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of alkyl and —OR⁹; and -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl,     haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted     aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted     aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl.

Another embodiment of the compounds of formula (I), as set forth above, is a compound of formula (I), wherein:

-   R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, -   R² is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more     substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro,     halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted     heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl,     —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—OR¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN,     —R¹⁰—OR¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹,     —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2),     —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0,     1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); -   R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl     being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected     from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group     consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl,     haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl,     optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl,     optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂,     —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl,     haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted     aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted     aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a     direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene     chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene     chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene     chain; -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and -   each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; -   as isolated stereoisomers or mixtures thereof, as tautomers or     mixtures thereof, or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates,     solvates, N-oxides or prodrugs thereof.

A further embodiment of the compounds of formula (I), as set forth above, is directed to compounds of formula (I) wherein R³ is polycyclic heteroaryl. More specifically, R³ is pyrimidin-4-yl or pyridin-2-yl fused with a second ring selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl. Thus, the compounds in accordance with this embodiment can be represented by formula (Ia):

wherein:

-   X is N or CH; -   w is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; -   R¹, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl,     aralkyl, —C(O)R¹⁰ or —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷; -   R² is aryl or heteroaryl, the aryl or heteroaryl being optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally     substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl,     optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   A is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl or aryl; -   each R^(3b) is independently selected from the group consisting of     cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹,     —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2),     —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0,     1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); -   each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group     consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl,     haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl,     optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl,     optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂,     —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; -   each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl,     haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted     aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted     aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl,     optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally     substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted     heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a     direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene     chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene     chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene     chain; -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an     optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and -   each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; -   as isolated stereoisomers or mixtures thereof, as tautomers or     mixtures thereof, or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates,     solvates, N-oxides or prodrugs thereof.

Of this embodiment, one embodiment is a compound of formula (Ia) wherein:

-   w is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; -   R¹, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; -   R² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents     selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl,     alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or     2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   A is aryl; -   each R^(3b) is independently selected from the group consisting of     cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹,     —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2),     —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0,     1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); and -   R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² are as defined above.

Of this embodiment, one embodiment is a compound of formula (Ia) wherein:

-   X is N; -   w is 0, 1 or 2; -   R¹, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; -   R² is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from     the group consisting of —OR⁹ and N-heterocyclyl optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and —C(O)R⁹; -   A is phenyl; -   each R^(3b) is independently —OR⁹; and -   each R⁹ is independently alkyl or heterocyclylalkyl.

Of this embodiment, specific embodiments are compounds of formula (Ia) selected from the group consisting of:

-   5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(quinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; -   N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine;     and -   N²-(3-chloro-4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.

Another embodiment of the compounds of formula (I), as set forth above, is a compound of formula (Ia), wherein:

-   X is CH; -   w is 0; -   R¹, R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; -   R² is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from     the group consisting of —OR⁹ and N-heterocyclyl optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and —C(O)R⁹; -   A is phenyl; -   each R⁹ is independently alkyl or heterocyclylalkyl.

Of this embodiment, specific embodiments are compounds of formula (Ia) selected from the group consisting of:

-   5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine;     and -   5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.

Another embodiment of the compounds of formula (I), as set forth above, is a compound of formula (Ia) wherein:

-   w is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; -   R¹, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; -   R² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents     selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl,     alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally     substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1     or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t     is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹     (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or     2); -   A is heteroaryl; -   each R^(3b) is independently selected from the group consisting of     cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted     cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally     substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl,     optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted     heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷,     —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹,     —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴,     —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2),     —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0,     1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); and -   R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² are as defined above.

Of this embodiment, one embodiment is a compound of formula (Ia) wherein:

-   X is N; -   w is 0; -   R¹, R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; -   R² is phenyl substituted with one or more N-heterocyclyl optionally     substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group     consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and —C(O)R⁹; -   A is thienyl; and -   each R⁹ is independently alkyl.

Of this embodiment, a specific embodiment is N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.

Of the various aspects of the invention, as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention, another aspect is the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention. Of this aspect, certain embodiments are preferred.

One embodiment of these pharmaceutical compositions is wherein the compound of formula (I) therein is selected from any one embodiment of the compound of formula (I), as set forth above, or from any combination of embodiments of the compound of formula (I), as set forth above.

Of the various aspects of the invention, as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention, one aspect is the methods of treating a disease or condition associated with Axl activity in a mammal, wherein the method comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention. Of this aspect, certain embodiments are preferred.

One embodiment of this aspect is the method wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, vascular disease, vascular injury, psoriasis, visual impairment due to macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, kidney disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and cataracts.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the method wherein a manifestation of the disease or condition is solid tumor formation in said mammal.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the method wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and uveal melanoma.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the method wherein a manifestation of the disease or condition is liquid tumor formation in said mammal.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the method wherein the disease or condition is myeloid leukemia or lymphoma.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the method wherein the disease or condition is endometriosis.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the method wherein the compounds of formula (I) utilized therein is selected from any one embodiment of the compound of formula (I), as set forth above, or from any combination of embodiments of the compound of formula (I), as set forth above.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the methods of treating a disease or condition associated with Axl activity by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, vascular disease/injury (including but not limited to restenosis, atherosclerosis and thrombosis), psoriasis, visual impairment due to macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy or retinopathy of prematurity, kidney disease (including but not limited to glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy and renal transplant rejection), osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and cataracts.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the methods of treating a disease or condition associated with Axl activity by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, sarcoma, gastric cancer, uveal melanoma, myeloid leukemia and lymphoma.

Another embodiment of this aspect is the methods of treating a disease or condition associated with Axl activity by administering to the mammal of therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention, wherein the disease or condition is endometriosis.

It is understood that any embodiment of the compounds of formula (I), as set forth above, and any specific substituent set forth herein for a R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ group in the compounds of formula (I), as set forth above, may be independently combined with other embodiments and/or substituents of compounds of formula (I) to form embodiments of the inventions not specifically set forth above. In addition, in the event that a list of substitutents is listed for any particular R group in a particular embodiment and/or claim, it is understood that each individual substituent may be deleted from the particular embodiment and/or claim and that the remaining list of substituents will be considered to be within the scope of the invention.

Specific embodiments of the invention are described in more detail below in the following sections.

Utility and Testing of the Compounds of the Invention

The oncogenic RTK, Axl, was recently identified, using a retroviral-based functional genetic screening protocol, as a regulator of haptotactic migration, which is a key event in angiogenesis. Axl inhibition by RNAi-mediated silencing blocked endothelial cell migration, proliferation and in vitro tube formation. These observations, which were disclosed at the American Association Cancer Research General Meeting, Apr. 16-20, 2005, Anaheim, Calif., and The 7th Annual Symposium on Anti-Angiogenic Agents, Feb. 10-13, 2005, San Diego, Calif.; (Requirement for The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axl in Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth, Holland, S. J., et al.), were substantiated by an in vivo study which demonstrated that stable, shRNAi-mediated Axl knockdown impaired formation of functional human blood vessels in a mouse model of human angiogenesis. These observations were published in a peer reviewed journal (Holland, S. J., et al., “Multiple roles for the receptor tyrosine kinase axl in tumor formation.” Cancer Res. (2005), Vol. 65, pp 9294-303. These observations are also disclosed in U.S. Published Patent Application 2005/0118604 and European Patent Application 1 563 094, the disclosures of which are incorporated in full by reference. Axl signaling, therefore, impacts multiple functions required for neovascularization in vitro, and regulates angiogenesis in vivo. Regulation of these pro-angiogenic processes required the catalytic activity of Axl. Thus, Axl-mediated angiogenic stimulation would be amenable to modulation by a small molecule inhibitor of Axl catalytic activity.

Accordingly, the compounds of the invention are small molecule inhibitors of Axl catalytic activity, and are therefore useful in treating diseases and conditions which are associated with Axl catalytic activity including those diseases and conditions which are characterized by angiogenesis and/or cell proliferation. In particular, the compounds of the invention and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are useful in treating diseases and conditions which are alleviated by the modulation of Axl activity. For purposes of this invention, diseases and conditions which are alleviated by the “modulation of Axl activity” includes diseases and conditions which are alleviated by a decrease in Axl activity and diseases and conditions which are alleviated by an increase in Axl activity. Preferably such diseases and conditions are alleviated by a decrease in Axl activity. Diseases and conditions which are alleviated by the modulation of Axl activity include, but are not limited to, solid tumors, including, but not limited to, breast, renal, endometrial, ovarian, thyroid, and non-small cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, sarcoma, gastric cancer and uveal melanoma; liquid tumors, including but not limited to, leukemias (particularly myeloid leukemias) and lymphomas; endometriosis, vascular disease/injury (including but not limited to restenosis, atherosclerosis and thrombosis), psoriasis; visual impairment due to macular degeneration; diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity; kidney disease (including but not limited to glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy and renal transplant rejection), rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and cataracts.

In addition to the foregoing, the compounds of the invention are useful in treating diseases and conditions which are affected by the following biological processes: Invasion, migration, metastasis, or drug resistance as manifested in cancer; stem cell biology as manifested in cancer; invasion, migration, adhesion, or angiogenesis as manifested in endometriosis; vascular remodeling as manifested in cardiovascular disease, hypertension or vascular injury; bone homeostatasis as manifested in osteoporosis or osteoarthritis; viral infection as manifested, for example, in ebola virus infection; or differentiation as manifested in obesity. The compounds of the invention may also be used to modulate inflammatory processes by treating sepsis, acting as vaccine adjuvants, and/or potentiating the immune response in immuno-compromised patients.

The following animal models provide guidance to one of ordinary skill in the art in testing the compounds of the invention for their use in treating the disease or condition indicated.

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating leukemias and lymphomas by testing the compounds in the xenograft in SCID mouse model using human Axl-expressing cancer cell lines including, but not limited to, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, SK-OV-3, OVCAR-8, DU145, H1299, ACHN, A498 and Caki-1.

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating leukemias in the xenograft in SCID or nu/nu mouse model using human Axl-expressing AML and CML leukemia cell lines.

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating endometriosis by using the syngenic mouse model of endometriosis (see Somigliana, E. et al., “Endometrial ability to implant in ectopic sites can be prevented by interleukin-12 in a murine model of endometriosis”, Hum. Reprod. (1999), Vol. 14, No. 12, pp. 2944-50). The compounds may also be tested for their use in treating endometriosis by using the rat model of endometriosis (see Lebovic, D. I. et al., “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma induces regression of endometrial explants in a rat model of endometriosis”, Fertil. Steril. (2004), 82 Suppl 3, pp. 1008-13).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating restenosis by using the balloon-injured rate carotid artery model (see Kim, D. W. et al., “Novel oral formulation of paclitaxel inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery injury model”, Circulation (2004), Vol. 109, No. 12, pp. 1558-63, Epub 2004 Mar. 8).

The compounds of the invention may also be tested for their use in treating restenosis by using the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in apoE deficient mouse model (see von der Thusen, J. H. et al., “Adenoviral transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase attenuates lesion formation in a novel murine model of postangioplasty restenosis”, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (2004), Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 357-62).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating atherosclerosis/thrombosis in the ApoE deficient mouse model (see Nakashima, Y. et al., “ApoE-deficient mice develop lesions of all phases of atherosclerosis throughout the arterial tree”, Arterioscler. Thromb. (1994), Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 133-40).

The compounds of the invention may also be tested for their use in treating thrombosis using the collagen-epinephrin-induced pulmonary thromboembolism model and the stasis induced venous thrombosis model (see Angelillo-Scherrer A. et al., “Role of Gas6 receptors in platelet signaling during thrombus stabilization and implications for antithrombotic therapy”, J Clin Invest. (2005), Vol. 115, pp. 237-46).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating psoriasis by using the SCID mouse model or the human skin model of psoriasis (see Nickoloff, B. J. et al., “Severe combined immunodeficiency mouse and human psoriatic skin chimeras. Validation of a new animal model”, Am. J. Pathol. (1995), Vol. 146, No. 3, pp. 580-8).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy by using the rat corneal angiogenesis model (see Sarayba M A, Li L, Tungsiripat T, Liu N H, Sweet P M, Patel A J, Osann K E, Chittiboyina A, Benson S C, Pershadsingh H A, Chuck R S. Inhibition of corneal neovascularization by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand. Exp Eye Res. (2005 March), Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 435-42) or the laser-induced mouse choroidal neovasculation model (see Bora, P. S., et al., “Immunotherapy for choroidal neovascularization in a laser-induced mouse model simulating exudative (wet) macular degeneration”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2003), Vol. 100, No. 5, pp. 2679-84, Epub 2003 Feb. 14).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating retinopathy of prematurity in the mouse retinopathy of prematurity model (see Smith, L. E. et al., “Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse”, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (1994), Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 101-11).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating glomerulonephritis or diabetic nephropathy in the rat anti-Thy1.1-induced experimental mesengial proliferative glomerulonephritis model (see Smith, L. E. et al. cited above).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating renal tranplant rejection by using a rat model of chronic renal transplant rejection (see Yin, J. L. et al., “Expression of growth arrest-specific gene 6 and its receptors in a rat model of chronic renal transplant rejection”, Transplantation (2002), Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 657-60).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating rheumatoid arthritis by using the CAIA mouse model (see Phadke, K. et al., “Evaluation of the effects of various anti-arthritic drugs on type II collagen-induced mouse arthritis model”, Immunopharmacology (1985), Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 51-60).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating osteoarthritis by using the STR/ORT mouse model (see Brewster, M. et al., “Ro 32-3555, an orally active collagenase selective inhibitor, prevents structural damage in the STR/ORT mouse model of osteoarthritis”, Arthritis. Rheum. (1998), Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 1639-44).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating osteoporosis by using the ovariectomized rat model (see Wronski, T. J. et al., “Endocrine and pharmacological suppressors of bone turnover protect against osteopenia in ovariectomized rats”, Endocrinology (1989), Vol. 125, no. 2, pp 810-6) or the ovariectomized mouse model (see Alexander, J. M. et al., “Human parathyroid hormone 1-34 reverses bone loss in ovariectomized mice”, J Bone Miner Res. (2001), Vol. 16, no. 9, pp 1665-73; Fujioka, M. et al., “Equol, a metabolite of daidzein, inhibits bone loss in ovariectomized mice”, J Nutr. (2004), Vol. 134, No. 10, pp. 2623-7).

The compounds of the invention may be tested for their use in treating cataracts by using the H₂O₂-induced model (see Kadoya, K. et al., “Role of calpain in hydrogen peroxide induced cataract”, Curr. Eye Res. (1993), Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 341-6) or the Emory mouse model (see Sheets, N. L. et al., “Cataract- and lens-specific upregulation of ARK receptor tyrosine kinase in Emory mouse cataract”, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2002), Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1870-5).

Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Invention and Administration

Administration of the compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceutical composition, can be carried out via any of the accepted modes of administration of agents for serving similar utilities. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be prepared by combining a compound of the invention with an appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, gels, microspheres, and aerosols. Typical routes of administering such pharmaceutical compositions include, without limitation, oral, topical, transdermal, inhalation, parenteral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, and intranasal. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are formulated so as to allow the active ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to a patient. Compositions that will be administered to a subject or patient take the form of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet may be a single dosage unit, and a container of a compound of the invention in aerosol form may hold a plurality of dosage units. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition (Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, 2000). The composition to be administered will, in any event, contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment of a disease or condition of interest in accordance with the teachings of this invention.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be in the form of a solid or liquid. In one aspect, the carrier(s) are particulate, so that the compositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form. The carrier(s) may be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, an oral oil, an injectable liquid or an aerosol, which is useful in, for example, inhalatory administration.

When intended for oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition is preferably in either solid or liquid form, where semi-solid, semi-liquid, suspension and gel forms are included within the forms considered herein as either solid or liquid.

As a solid composition for oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into a powder, granule, compressed tablet, pill, capsule, chewing gum, wafer or the like form. Such a solid composition will typically contain one or more inert diluents or edible carriers. In addition, one or more of the following may be present: binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, Primogel, corn starch and the like; lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide; sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin; a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring; and a coloring agent.

When the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a capsule, for example, a gelatin capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol or oil.

The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a liquid, for example, an elixir, syrup, solution, emulsion or suspension. The liquid may be for oral administration or for delivery by injection, as two examples. When intended for oral administration, preferred composition contain, in addition to the present compounds, one or more of a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer. In a composition intended to be administered by injection, one or more of a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent may be included.

The liquid pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, whether they be solutions, suspensions or other like form, may include one or more of the following adjuvants: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or diglycerides which may serve as the solvent or suspending medium, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. Physiological saline is a preferred adjuvant. An injectable pharmaceutical composition is preferably sterile.

A liquid pharmaceutical composition of the invention intended for either parenteral or oral administration should contain an amount of a compound of the invention such that a suitable dosage will be obtained. Typically, this amount is at least 0.01% of a compound of the invention in the composition. When intended for oral administration, this amount may be varied to be between 0.1 and about 70% of the weight of the composition. Preferred oral pharmaceutical compositions contain between about 4% and about 75% of the compound of the invention. Preferred pharmaceutical compositions and preparations according to the present invention are prepared so that a parenteral dosage unit contains between 0.01 to 10% by weight of the compound prior to dilution of the invention.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be intended for topical administration, in which case the carrier may suitably comprise a solution, emulsion, ointment or gel base. The base, for example, may comprise one or more of the following: petrolatum, lanolin, polyethylene glycols, bee wax, mineral oil, diluents such as water and alcohol, and emulsifiers and stabilizers. Thickening agents may be present in a pharmaceutical composition for topical administration. If intended for transdermal administration, the composition may include a transdermal patch or iontophoresis device. Topical formulations may contain a concentration of the compound of the invention from about 0.1 to about 10% w/v (weight per unit volume).

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be intended for rectal administration, in the form, for example, of a suppository, which will melt in the rectum and release the drug. The composition for rectal administration may contain an oleaginous base as a suitable nonirritating excipient. Such bases include, without limitation, lanolin, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycol.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may include various materials, which modify the physical form of a solid or liquid dosage unit. For example, the composition may include materials that form a coating shell around the active ingredients. The materials that form the coating shell are typically inert, and may be selected from, for example, sugar, shellac, and other enteric coating agents. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be encased in a gelatin capsule.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention in solid or liquid form may include an agent that binds to the compound of the invention and thereby assists in the delivery of the compound. Suitable agents that may act in this capacity include a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, a protein or a liposome.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise dosage units that can be administered as an aerosol. The term aerosol is used to denote a variety of systems ranging from those of colloidal nature to systems consisting of pressurized packages. Delivery may be by a liquefied or compressed gas or by a suitable pump system that dispenses the active ingredients. Aerosols of compounds of the invention may be delivered in single phase, bi-phasic, or tri-phasic systems in order to deliver the active ingredient(s). Delivery of the aerosol includes the necessary container, activators, valves, subcontainers, and the like, which together may form a kit. One of ordinary skill in the art, without undue experimentation may determine preferred aerosols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be prepared by methodology well known in the pharmaceutical art. For example, a pharmaceutical composition intended to be administered by injection can be prepared by combining a compound of the invention with sterile, distilled water so as to form a solution. A surfactant may be added to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous solution or suspension. Surfactants are compounds that non-covalently interact with the compound of the invention so as to facilitate dissolution or homogeneous suspension of the compound in the aqueous delivery system.

The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are administered in a therapeutically effective amount, which will vary depending upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the metabolic stability and length of action of the compound; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the mode and time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the particular disorder or condition; and the subject undergoing therapy. Generally, a therapeutically effective daily dose is (for a 70 kg mammal) from about 0.001 mg/kg (i.e., 0.07 mg) to about 100 mg/kg (i.e., 7.0 gm); preferably a therapeutically effective dose is (for a 70 kg mammal) from about 0.01 mg/kg (i.e., 0.7 mg) to about 50 mg/kg (i.e., 3.5 gm); more preferably a therapeutically effective dose is (for a 70 kg mammal) from about 1 mg/kg (i.e., 70 mg) to about 25 mg/kg (i.e., 1.75 gm).

Compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, may also be administered simultaneously with, prior to, or after administration of one or more other therapeutic agents. Such combination therapy includes administration of a single pharmaceutical dosage formulation which contains a compound of the invention and one or more additional active agents, as well as administration of the compound of the invention and each active agent in its own separate pharmaceutical dosage formulation. For example, a compound of the invention and the other active agent can be administered to the patient together in a single oral dosage composition such as a tablet or capsule, or each agent administered in separate oral dosage formulations. Where separate dosage formulations are used, the compounds of the invention and one or more additional active agents can be administered at essentially the same time, i.e., concurrently, or at separately staggered times, i.e., sequentially; combination therapy is understood to include all these regimens.

Preparation of the Compounds of the Invention

The following Reaction Schemes illustrate methods to make compounds of this invention, i.e., compounds of formula (I):

where R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are described above in the Summary of the Invention, as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. It is understood that in the following Reaction Schemes, combinations of substituents and/or variables of the depicted formulae are permissible only if such contributions result in stable compounds.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in the processes described below the functional groups of intermediate compounds may need to be protected by suitable protecting groups. Such functional groups include hydroxy, amino, mercapto and carboxylic acid. Suitable protecting groups for hydroxy include trialkylsilyl or diarylalkylsilyl (for example, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl or trimethylsilyl), tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, and the like. Suitable protecting groups for amino, amidino and guanidino include benzyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like. Suitable protecting groups for mercapto include —C(O)—R″ (where R″ is alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl), p-methoxybenzyl, trityl and the like. Suitable protecting groups for carboxylic acids include alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl esters.

Protecting groups may be added or removed in accordance with standard techniques, which are known to one of ordinary skill in the art and as described herein.

The use of protecting groups is described in detail in Greene, T. W. and P. G. M. Wuts, Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1999), 3rd Ed., Wiley. As one of skill in the art would appreciate, the protecting group may also be a polymer resin such as a Wang resin, Rink resin or a 2-chlorotrityl-chloride resin.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, although such protected derivatives of compounds of this invention may not possess pharmacological activity as such, they may be administered to a mammal and thereafter metabolized in the body to form compounds of the invention which are pharmacologically active. Such derivatives may therefore be described as “prodrugs”. All prodrugs of compounds of this invention are included within the scope of the invention.

It is understood that one of ordinary skill in the art would be able to make the compounds of the invention by methods similar to the methods described herein or by methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. It is also understood that one of ordinary skill in the art would be able to make in a similar manner as described below other compounds of formula (I) not specifically illustrated below by using the appropriate starting components and modifying the parameters of the synthesis as needed. In general, starting components may be obtained from sources such as Sigma Aldrich, Lancaster Synthesis, Inc., Maybridge, Matrix Scientific, TCI, and Fluorochem USA, etc. or synthesized according to sources known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th edition (Wiley, December 2000)) or prepared as described in this invention. ¹H NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl₃, DMSO-d₆, CD₃OD, Acetone-d₆ with trimethylsilane (TMS) as internal reference using Gemini 300 MHz instrument. Reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification. Flash column chromatography was conducted using silica gel (230-400 mesh) under a positive pressure of nitrogen. LCMS spectra for purity and mass were recorded using Waters LCMS instruments. Deionized water was used to dilute the reactions and wash the products. Brine used was prepared by dissolving sodium chloride into deionized water to saturation point.

In the following Reaction Schemes, the following common abbreviations are used:

-   -   NBS for N-bromosuccinimide     -   t-BuOH for t-butanol     -   ACN for acetonitrile     -   hν for light irradiation     -   BPO for benzoyl peroxide     -   DCM for dichloromethane     -   rt for ambient temperature (about 20-30° C.)

Compounds of formula (I), as set forth below in Reaction Scheme 1, are prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 1 where R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, R² is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R³ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR³ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R³ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); and R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); where each R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is as defined above in the Summary of the Invention:

Aryl or heteroaryl amines of formula (A), and compounds of formula (D) are commercially available, or can be prepared by methods known to one skilled in the art, or by methods disclosed herein.

In general, compounds of formula (I) can be prepared by reacting an aryl or heteroaryl isothiocyanate of formula (C), a bromomethyl heteroaryl of formula (E) and a cyanamide (F).

More specifically, aryl isothiocyanate of formula (C) can be prepared, for example, by treating an aryl amine or heteroaryl amine of formula (A) (e.g., an appropriately substituted aniline) with a reagent that converts the amino group to the isothiocyanate group. Such reagents are known to one skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, carbon disulfide, thiophosgene, 1,1′-thiocarbonyldi-2(1H)-pyridone (B), and thiocarbonyl diimidazole.

Bromomethyl heteroaryl of formula (E) can be prepared, for example, by brominating a methyl-substituted heteroaryl of formula (D) in a radical initiated reaction. Methyl-substituted heteroaryls are commercially available or can be prepared by known methods in the art. NBS can be used as a brominating reagent. The reaction can be effected by radical initiators, light irradiation or both. Radical initiators are known to one skilled in the art. They include, for example, azo-bis-isobutyronitrile (AlBN) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO).

The compound of formula (I) is prepared, e.g., by dissolving an arylisothiocyanate of formula (C), a bromomethyl heteroaryl of formula (E) (1 equivalent) and the cyanamide (F) (2 equivalents) in t-butanol/acetonitrile. The resulting reaction mixture is then stirred at ambient temperature for a period of time of between about 2 hours and about 6 hours, preferably for about 3 hours. The compound of formula (I) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction and concentration, and purification by chromatography.

All compounds of the invention which exist in base or acid form can be converted to their pharmaceutically acceptable salts by treatment with the appropriate inorganic or organic base or acid by methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Salts of the compounds of the invention can be converted to their free base or acid form by standard techniques known to one skilled in the art.

The following specific Synthetic Preparations (for starting materials and intermediates) and Synthetic Examples (for compounds of formula (I)) are provided as a guide to assist in the practice of the invention, and are not intended as a limitation on the scope of the invention. The number following each compound below refers to its number in Table 1, as discussed in more detail below.

Synthetic Preparation 1 1-(2-(4-Isothiocyanatophenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine

2-(1-Pyrrolidinoethoxy)aniline (2.5 g, 12.2 mMol) and 1,1′-thiocarbonyldi-2(1H)-pyridone (2.83 g, 12.2 mMol) were stirred at room temperature in dichloromethane (30 mL) for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was washed twice with water and once with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum, to give 1-(2-(4-isothiocyanatophenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine (C-1) as a reddish syrup, 2.88 g. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) 7.13 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 4.08 (t, 2H), 2.89 (t, 2H), 2.61 (m, 4H), 1.81 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 249 (M⁺H).

Synthetic Preparation 2 Synthesis of 4-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline

2-Amino-4,5-dimethoxyacetophenone (5.0 g) and boron trifluoride etherate (1.5 mL) were heated in formamide (80 mL) at 140° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and extracted three times with benzene. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography on silical gel, eluting with a mixture of 98/2 dichloromethane/methanol gave 4-methyl-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (D-1) as a yellow solid, 3.43 g; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) 8.99 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 4.05 (s, 6H), 2.87 (s, 1H) ppm; MS (ES) 205 (M⁺H).

Synthetic Preparation 3 4-(Bromomethyl)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline

4-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (D-1) (3.43 g, 14.7 mMol), N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) (2.64 g, 14.7 mMol) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) (500 mg) were heated under reflux in 200 mL of carbon tetrachloride with irradiation by a 200 W sun lamp for 5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with dichloromethane and extracted twice with water. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate gave 4-bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (E-1) as a pinkish solid, 1.39 g; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) 9.07 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 4.06 (s, 6H) ppm; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz) 161.22, 156.32, 153.45, 150.72, 149.22, 118.85, 107.47, 101.78, 56.84, 56.70, 30.13; MS (ES) 283/285 (M⁺H).

Synthetic Example 1 Preparation of 5-(6,7-Dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine

4-(Bromomethyl)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (E-1) (291 mg), 1-(2-(4-isothiocyanatophenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine (C-1) (330 mg, 1 eq) and cyanamide (100 mg, 2 eq) were dissolved in 1/1 anhydrous t-butanol/acetonitrile (8 mL). The reaction was stirred for 3 h at room temperature, then quenched with brine. The reaction was extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum and dried overnight under vacuum. The residue was taken up in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and cooled to −70° C. under nitrogen. Then 2.5 mL of a 1.6 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes was added. After 0.5 h at −70° C. the cooling bath was removed. After a total of 4 h the reaction was quenched with water, extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The highly polar product was purified by radial chromatography (chromatotron) eluting with 95% dichloromethane and 5% 2M ammonia in methanol to yield 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine, compound #1, as a bright orange solid (39 mg); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.46 (br s, 2H), 7.58 (m, 3H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.93 (d, 2H), 4.05 (t, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 2.83 (t, 2H), 2.50 (m, 4H), 1.70 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 493.17 (M⁺H).

Synthetic Example 2

In a similar manner as described above in Synthetic Example 1, the following compounds of formula (I) were made with the appropriately substituted starting materials. The number following each compound below refers to its number in Table 1, as discussed in more detail below.

-   N²-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine, compound     #2, MS (ES) 298.97 (M⁺H); -   5-(quinoxalin-2-yl)-N²-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #3, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.63 (m, 2H),     7.43 (t, 1H), 7.26 (m, 1H), 6.64 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 6H), 3.64 (s, 3H)     ppm; MS (ES) 410.12 (M⁺H); -   N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinoxalin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #4, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.57 (m, 2H),     7.36 (t, 1H), 7.22 (m, 3H), 6.71 (d, 2H), 4.27 (m, 2H), 3.29 (m,     2H), 3.16 (m, 4H), 1.87 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 433.16 (M⁺H); -   N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #5, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/MeOD₄, 300 MHz) 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.07 (d,     1H), 7.55 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 3H), 6.83 (d, 2H), 4.01 (t, 2H), 2.83     (t, 2H), 2.57 (m, 4H), 1.74 (m, 4H) ppm; ¹³C NMR (75 MHz) 169.10,     163.99, 159.96, 156.19, 152.65, 149.48, 132.51, 132.37, 127.42,     126.02, 125.66, 123.04, 120.54, 115.39, 89.53, 67.09, 55.16, 54.85,     23.61; MS (ES) 432.91 (M⁺H); -   5-(quinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #6, ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) 8.81 (br s, 2H), 8.70 (s,     1H), 8.20 (d, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.58 (t, 1H), 7.03     (s, 2H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.64 (s, 3H) ppm; MS (ES) 410.04 (M⁺H); -   5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #7, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) 8.43 (d, 1H), 8.32 (d, 1H),     7.81 (m, 1H), 7.67 (m, 1H), 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.31 (d, 2H), 7.11 (d,     1H), 6.94 (d, 2H), 3.88 (m, 4H), 3.17 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 404.10     (M⁺H); -   5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #8, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/MeOD₄, 300 MHz) 8.26 (d, 1H), 8.14 (d,     1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.40 (t, 1H), 7.38 (t, 1H), 7.26 (d, 2H), 7.12     (d, 1H), 6.77 (d, 2H), (4.20, m, 2H, obscured by solvent), 3.37 (m,     2H), 3.26 (m, 4H), 1.96 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 432.08 (M⁺H); -   5-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #9, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.56 (t, 1H),     7.20-7.30 (m, 4H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 6.77 (d, 2H), 4.11 (t, 2H), 3.19     (m, 4H), 3.03 (m, 4H), 1.87 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 438.04 (M⁺H); -   5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #10, ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) 10.53 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H),     8.48 (br s, 2H), 7.58 (m, 3H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.93 (d, 2H), 3.93 (s,     3H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.72 (m, 4H), 3.05 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 465.17     (M⁺H); -   5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #11, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/MeOD₄, 300 MHz) 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.03 (s,     3H), 7.24 (m, 3H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.69 (d, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.71     (s, 3H), 3.05 (m, 4H), 2.75 (m, 4H), 2.37 (s, 3H) ppm; MS (ES)     478.15 (M⁺H); and -   N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #12, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/MeOD₄, 300 MHz) 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.02 (br     s, 2H), 8.75 (d, 1H), 7.30 (m, 3H), 6.95 (d, 2H), 3.22 (m, 4H),     2.55-2.80 (m, 4H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 32.36 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.78     (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 1H), 1.35 (m, 4H), 1.04 (m, 1H) ppm; MS (ES)     504.15 (M⁺H). -   N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #13, ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃/MEOH-d₄, 300 MHz) 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.34 (d,     2H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.78 (d, 2H), 3.98 (s, 6H), 3.26     (m, 4H), 2.85-3.10 (m, 4H), 2.77 (m, 1H), 2.42 (m, 1H), 2.37 (m,     1H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.50 (m, 6H); MS (ES) 558 (M+H). -   N²-(3-chloro-4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine,     compound #14, ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃/MEOH-d₄, 300 MHz) 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.53 (s,     1H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.67 (d, 1H), 4.12     (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.35 (m, 2H), 3.23 (m, 4H),     1.87 (m, 4H); MS (ES) 527 (M+H).

Biological Example

The compounds of the invention were tested in the following assay for their ability to inhibit Axl activity.

Phospho-Akt In-Cell Western Assay

Reagents and Buffers:

-   Cell culture plate: 96 well assay plate (Corning 3610), white, clear     bottom, tissue-culture treated. -   Cells: Hela cells. -   Starvation medium: For Axl stimulation: 0.5% FCS (fetal calf serum)     in DMEM, plus Axl/Fc (extracellular domain of AXL fused to     imunoglobulin Fc region) (R&D, 154-AL) 500 ng/mL. -   For EGF (epidermal growth factor) stimulation: 0.5% FCS in DMEM     (Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium). -   Poly-L-Lysine 0.01% solution (the working solution): 10 μg/ml,     dilute In PBS (phosphate buffered saline). -   Axl antibody cross-linking:     -   1^(st): Mouse anti-Axl (R&D, MAB154).     -   2^(nd): Biotin-SP-conjugated AffiniPure goat anti-mouse IgG         (H+L) (Jackson ImmunoResearch #115-065-003). -   Fixing buffer: 4% formaldehyde in PBS. -   Wash buffer: 0.1% TritonX-100 in PBS. -   Quenching buffer: 3% H₂O₂, 0.1% Azide in wash buffer, Azide and     hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) are added fresh. -   Blocking buffer: 5% BSA in TBST (tris buffered saline plus 0.1%     Tween 20). -   Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-human Phospho-Akt antibody (Cell     Signaling 9271): 1×250 diluted in blocking buffer. -   Secondary antibody: HRP (horse radish peroxidase)-conjugated Goat     anti-Rabbit secondary, stock solution: Jackson ImmunoResearch (Goat     anti-Rabbit HRP, #111-035-144) 1:1 diluted in glycerol, store at     −20° C. The working solution: 1×2000 dilution of stock in blocking     buffer. -   Chemiluminescent working solution (Pierce, 37030): SuperSignal ELISA     (enzyme linked immunosorbant assay) Pico Chemiluminescent substrate. -   Crystal Violet solution: Stock: 2.5% Crystal violet in methanol,     filtered and kept at ambient temperature. The working solution:     dilute the stock 1:20 with PBS immediately before use. -   10% SDS: working solution: 5% SDS (sodium dodecylsulfate), diluted     in PBS     Methods:     Day 1:

A 96 well TC (tissue culture treated) plate was coated with 10 μg/mL poly-L-Lysine at 37° C. for 30 min, washed twice with PBS, and air-dried for 5 minutes before cells were added. Hela cells were seeded at 10,000 cells/well and the cells were starved in 100 μL starvation medium containing Axl/Fc for 24 hrs.

Day 2:

The cells were pre-treated with test compounds by adding 100 μL of 2× test compound to the starvation medium on the cells. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr before stimulation.

The cells were stimulated by Axl-antibody cross-linking as follows: A 5× 1^(st)/2^(nd) Axl antibody mixture was made (37.5 μg/mL 1^(st)/100 μg/mL 2^(nd)) in starvation medium and nutated at 4° C. with thorough mixing for 1-2 hours for clustering. The resulting mix was warmed to 37° C. 50 μL of 5× Axl 1^(st)/2^(nd) of antibody cluster was added to the cells and the cells were incubated at 37° C. for 5 min.

After 5 minutes stimulation, the plate was flicked to remove medium and the plate was tapped onto paper towels. Formaldehyde (4.0% in PBS, 100 μL) was added to fix the cells and the cells were incubated at ambient temperature for 20 min without shaking.

The cells were washed with a plate washer buffer to remove the formaldehyde solution. The plate was flicked to removed excess wash buffer and tapped onto paper towels. Quenching buffer (100 μL) was added to each well and the cells were incubated at ambient temperature for 20 minutes without shaking.

The cells were washed with a plate washer buffer to remove the quenching buffer. Blocking buffer (100 μL) was added and the cells were incubated at ambient temperature for at least an hour with gentle shaking.

The cells were washed with a plate washer buffer and diluted primary antibody (50 μL) was added to each well (blocking buffer was added to the negative control wells instead). The plates were incubated overnight at 4° C. with gentle shaking.

Day 3:

The wash buffer was removed, diluted secondary antibody (100 μL) was added, and the cells were incubated at ambient temperature for 1 hour with gentle shaking. During the incubation, the chemiluminescent reagent was brought to ambient temperature.

The secondary antibody was removed by washing the cells 1× with wash buffer, 1× with PBS by plate washer. The PBS was removed from the plate and the chemiluminescent reagent (80 μL: 40 μL A and 40 μL B) was added to each well at ambient temperature.

The resulting chemiluminescence was read with a Luminomitor within 10 minutes to minimize changes in signal intensity. After reading the chemiluminescence, the cells were washed 1× with wash buffer and 1× with PBS by plate washer. The plate was tapped onto paper towels to remove excess liquid from wells and air-dried at ambient temperature for 5 minutes.

Crystal Violet working solution (60 μL) was added to each well and the cells were incubated at ambient temperature for 30 min. The crystal violet solution was removed, and the wells were rinsed with PBS, then washed 3× with PBS (200 μL) for 5 minutes each.

5% SDS solution (70 μL) was added to each well and the cells were incubated on a shaker for 30 min at ambient temperature.

The absorbance was read at 590 nM on a Wallac photospec. The 590 nM readings indicated the relative cell number in each well. This relative cell number was then used to normalize each luminescence reading.

The results of the ability of the compounds of the invention to inhibit Axl activity, when tested in the above assay, are shown in the following Table 1 wherein the level of activity (i.e., the IC₅₀) for each compound is indicated in Table 1. The compound numbers in the Table referred to the compounds disclosed herein as being prepared by the methods disclosed herein:

TABLE 1

Cpd # Compound Name R¹ R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ IC₅₀ ^(*) 1 5-(6,7-Dimethoxyquinazolin-4- yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4- diamine H

H H A 2 N²-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5- (pyridin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4- diamine H

H H C 3 5-(quinoxalin-2-yl)-N²-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4- diamine H

H H A 4 N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinoxazolin- 2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine H

H H A 5 N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinazolin- 4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine H

H H A 6 5-(quinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4- diamine H

H H C 7 5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4- morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4- diamine H

H H B 8 5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-(2- (pyrrolidin-1- yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4- diamine H

H H C 9 5-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N²-(4-(2- (pyrrolidin-1- yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4- diamine H

H H A 10 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4- yl)-N²-(4- morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4- diamine H

H H A 11 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4- yl)-N²-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1- yl)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine H

H H A 12 N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2- yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5- (thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4- yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine H

H H A 13 N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2- yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(6,7- dimethoxyquinazolin-4- yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine H

H H C 14 N²-(3-chloro-4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1- yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(6,7- dimethoxyquinazolin-4- yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine H

H H A IC₅₀ activity: A = 1 μM to 10 μM B = >10 to 20 μM C = >20 μM

All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entireties.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail to facilitate understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the described embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims. 

1. A method of inhibiting a disease or condition associated with Axl activity in a mammal, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)

wherein: R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R¹⁰, or —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷; R² is aryl or heteroaryl, the aryl or heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂, —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; with the proviso that the compound is not N²-(1,4-benzodioxan-6yl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine, and when R² is phenyl, 4-chlorophenyl or methoxy-substituted phenyl, R³ is not quinolin-2yl, pyridinyl or substituted pyridinyl, as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, as a tautomer or mixture thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or N-oxide thereof, wherein the disease or condition associated with Axl activity is selected from the group consisting of: endometriosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, visual impairment due to macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, cataracts, vascular diseases selected from the group consisting of restenosis, atherosclerosis thrombosis, hypertension, and vascular injury, kidney diseases selected from the group consisting of glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy and renal transplant rejection, solid tumor formation selected from the group consisting of breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, gastric cancer and uveal melanoma, and liquid tumor formation selected from the group consisting of myeloid leukemia and lymphoma.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the disease or condition is alleviated by a decrease in Axl activity.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, vascular disease selected from the group consisting of restenosis, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, and vascular injury, psoriasis, visual impairment due to macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, kidney disease selected from the group consisting of glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy and renal transplant rejection, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and cataracts.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein a manifestation of the disease or condition is solid tumor formation selected from the group consisting of breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, gastric cancer and uveal melanoma.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein a manifestation of the disease or condition is liquid tumor formation selected from the group consisting of myeloid leukemia and lymphoma.
 6. The method of claim 2 wherein the disease or condition is endometriosis.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein in formula (I): R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, R² is aryl or heteroaryl, the aryl or heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂, —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein in formula (I): R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, R² is aryl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); and each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)², —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein in formula (I): R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, R² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹C(O)NR⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); R³ is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl and benzo[d]thiazolyl, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and —R¹⁰—OR⁹; each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂, —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein in formula (I): R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, R² is phenyl substituted with one or more —OR⁹; and each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: 5-(quinoxalin-2-yl)-N²-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinoxalin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(quinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; and N²-(3-chloro-4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein in formula (I): R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; R² is phenyl substituted with one or more optionally substituted heterocyclyl; and R³ is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl and benzo[d]thiazolyl, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and —OR⁹; and each R⁹ is independently alkyl.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein in formula (I): R² is phenyl substituted with one or more N-heterocyclyl, the N-heterocyclyl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and —C(O)R⁹; and each R⁹ is independently alkyl.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: 5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; and N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein in formula (I): R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; R² is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, halo, —OR⁹ and —C(O)R⁹; and R³ is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl and benzo[d]thiazolyl, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and —OR⁹; and each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein in formula (I): R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen, R² is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂, —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, as a tautomer or mixture thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or N-oxide thereof.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein in formula (I): R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R¹⁰, or —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷; R² is aryl or heteroaryl, the aryl or heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); R³ is polycyclic heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, R¹⁰—OC(O)—⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂, —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, as a tautomer or mixture thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or N-oxide thereof.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the compound of formula (I) is represented by formula (Ia):

wherein: X is N or CH; w is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; R¹, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R¹⁰, or —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷; R² is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); A is cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl or aryl; each R^(3b) is independently selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R₁₀—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂, —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, as a tautomer or mixture thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or N-oxide thereof.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein in formula (Ia): w is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R¹, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; R² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); A is aryl; and each R^(3b) is independently selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2).
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein in formula (Ia): X is N; w is 0, 1 or 2; R¹, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; R² is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OR⁹ and N-heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and —C(O)R⁹; A is phenyl; each R^(3b) is independently —OR⁹; and each R⁹ is independently alkyl or heterocyclylalkyl.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) is selected from the group consisting of: 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(quinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(quinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; 5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)-N²-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; and N²-(3-chloro-4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-5-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein in formula (Ia): X is CH; w is 0; R¹, R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; R² is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OR⁹ and N-heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and —C(O)R⁹; A is phenyl; each R⁹ is independently alkyl or heterocyclylalkyl.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound of formula (Ia) is selected from the group consisting of: 5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-morpholinophenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine; and 5-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-N²-(4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.
 24. The method of claim 18, wherein in formula (Ia): w is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R¹, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; R² is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); A is heteroaryl; and each R^(3b) is independently selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2).
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein in formula (Ia): w is 0; R¹, R^(3a), R^(3b), R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen; R² is phenyl substituted with one or more N-heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and —C(O)R⁹; A is thienyl; and each R⁹ is independently alkyl.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the compound is N²-(4-(4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine.
 27. A method of inhibiting a disease or condition associated with Axl activity in a mammal, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

wherein: R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R¹⁰, or —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷; R² is aryl or heteroaryl, the aryl or heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, —R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); R³ is heteroaryl having at least six ring atoms, the heteroaryl being optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, —R¹⁰—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—CN, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—O—R¹¹—C(NR¹²)N(R¹²)H, R¹⁰—OC(O)—R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)R⁷, —R¹⁰—C(O)R⁹, R¹⁰—C(O)OR⁹, —R¹⁰—C(O)N(R⁶)R⁷, R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁴, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁹, —R¹⁰—N(R⁶)S(O)_(t)R⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)OR⁹ (where t is 1 or 2), —R¹⁰—S(O)_(p)R⁹ (where p is 0, 1 or 2), and —R¹⁰—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2); each R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl, —R¹¹—OR⁹, R¹¹—CN, —R¹¹—NO₂, —R¹¹—N(R⁹)₂, —R¹¹—C(O)OR⁹ and —R¹¹—C(O)N(R⁹)₂; each R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aralkenyl, optionally substituted aralkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylalkynyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclylalkynyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroarylalkenyl and optionally substituted heteroarylalkynyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted straight or branched alkylene chain, an optionally substituted straight or branched alkenylene chain and an optionally substituted straight or branched alkynylene chain; and each R¹² is hydrogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro or —OR⁹; with the proviso that the compound is not N²-(1,4-benzodioxan-6yl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazole-2,4-diamine, and when R² is phenyl, 4-chlorophenyl or methoxy-substituted phenyl, R³ is not quinolin-2yl, pyridinyl or substituted pyridinyl, as an isolated stereoisomer or mixture thereof, as a tautomer or mixture thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or N-oxide thereof, wherein the disease or condition associated with Axl activity is selected from the group consisting of endometriosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, visual impairment due to macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, cataracts, vascular diseases selected from the group consisting of restenosis, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, and vascular injury, kidney diseases selected from the group consisting of glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy and renal transplant rejection, solid tumor formation selected from the group consisting of breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, prostate carcinoma, gastric cancer and uveal melanoma, and liquid tumor formation selected from the group consisting of myeloid leukemia and lymphoma. 